Improving Access. I Will Examine Two Of The Most Prominent

Improving Access: I will examine two of the most prominent methods for improving access: universal early childhood education and equivalency/second chance programs for adults. One of the other prominent methods is improving access through information and communication technologies (ICTs). This is a popular idea as remote areas often lack formal and non-formal literacy programs. In these situations, education through technology like television, radio, and the internet is believed to be able to play an important role in improving access. However, recent research has shown that ICTs should not be the sole means of literacy learning as many countries lack the necessary infrastructure and would be better off funding schools and teachers.†¦show more content†¦The success of MENA countries clearly shows that investing in early childhood education is an effective and efficient method of improving literacy. Moreover, Hanemann (2006) found that increased funding on primary education resulting from UN M illennium Development Goals has increased global attendance and eliminated the gender gap. However, there are limits to the reach and timeliness of early childhood education. First, children in the poorest quintile are still three times as likely to be out of school than those in the richest quintile (Richmond, 2008). Research has shown that access itself is not a guarantee of literacy. Completion of five to six years is a critical threshold for mastery of basic competencies such as literacy. However, the poor are often unable to attend for this length of time for various reasons, leading to completion rates 10-60% below enrollment rates (The Global Challenge of Education for All, 2002). On top of this, by definition, early childhood education cannot reach the 800 million illiterate adults. As a result, the best case scenario of funding universal childhood education will not eliminate illiteracy for a couple of generations. Moreover, to achieve universal primary education requires programs to work with local governments as they are the main providers of education. The governments will always be happy to take additional funding, but the programs then loseShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Globalization On The Economy978 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s world, with a few notable exceptions, nearly everyone in every region of the world has access to the same products, information and services. A long-distance relationship is no longer so distant, since each party involved in the relationship can communicate through Skype, Facebook or through any of the vast amount of social media available. A person in Easter Island, one of the most remote inhabited islands in the world, can go to the other side of the world and travel to Canada. 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The Causes of World War One Free Essays

‘World War One was the result of a series of unintended and disconnected events. ’ Does this opinion adequately explain the causes of World War One? It is understandable that historians ponder on what exactly caused a war that destroyed Europe’s economy, cost the lives of 37 million men and involved a country from every region of the world (from the Americas to Asia). The opinion this essay will discuss implies that the events that led to this major conflict were unintended and disconnected; and in order to emit a judgement that would agree or disagree with this view it is important to first identify the causes of world war one. We will write a custom essay sample on The Causes of World War One or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore this essay will first discuss the different types of causes (long, mid and short terms), respectively nationalism, imperialism/militarism and the ‘blank cheque’. Hence this essay will evaluate whether these were ‘disconnected and unintended events’ or if there is a connection between the causes. The main sources used in this essay are Coles’ general notes on world history and historian Martin Gilbert’s book entitled ‘First World War’. The long term causes prepared the ground for the war. Nationalism can be categorized into the long term causes because it had influenced Europe prior to 1914, and as French writer Guy de Maupassant argues, ‘it is the eldest cause of any war’. Quite a popular phenomenon in the late 19th century and beginning of the 20th, nationalism produced pride in one’s country’s achievements. The world war one themes paper observed that this ‘led to xenophobia and ideas of racial superiority’; but what it fails to mention is that as much as nationalism could provide feelings of superiority it could also provide feelings of equality. For example, minorities that previously were dominated by larger powers were now swept with waves of nationalism. This could be observed in the Balkans in the prelude of the world war; where small states were experimenting Pan-Slavism, ‘a nationalistic movement for political and cultural solidity of all Slavic people’ thus a threat to the Austrian Empire who dominated the South Slavs. One could argue that this form of nationalism led to Franz Ferdinand’s assassination by an extreme Serb nationalist group, or that it was the Austrian’s nationalism (their pride in their achievement of an empire) that pressured them into keeping all minorities within the empire at all costs; this leading to the Austro-Hungarian ‘impossible’ ultimatum to Serbia on the 23rd of July 1914. Nationalist mood in Europe could also be seen in France; more than 30 years after the French were defeated in the Franco-Prussian war a black cloth still veiled the statue of Strasbourg in the Place de la Concorde and it was a symbol, a constant reminder of the loss of the two eastern provinces, Alsace and Lorraine. The French still remembered the defeat and often spoke of ‘La Revanche’ (the revenge). As historian Gilbert argues, ‘War, if it came, would be an irresistible opportunity to fulfil long harboured desires or to avenge long-nurtured hatreds’. Historian Martin Kelly also argues that ‘it was nationalism, that manifested itself in the pan-Slav feeling of the Russian population, that tied Russia and Serbia together whilst Austria declared war, and thereby triggering what would have been a limited local conflict into world war’. When the Russian tsar signed the order commanding full mobilisation of Russian troops because ‘Russia could not remain indifferent to a declaration of war on Serbia’ and as the ultimate proof of the stimulating effects of Nationalism, editor Alex Bein remembered that ‘the Russian popular sentiment applauded the fullest possible solidarity with the beleaguered fellow Slavs of Serbia’. In this particular case it is difficult to determine whether these events occurred under the ‘Nationalism’ potential cause or the ‘Alliances’. Without dropping into philosophical or anthropological arguments, this essay will assume that alliances themselves were generated because of nationalism, as countries really wanted to increase their power by allying themselves with other powers, which in the end is motivated by a nationalist feeling. It is often observed in general history that events sometimes only occur because they are in a specific context. ‘Mid-term’ causes, if it the events that occurred slightly prior to the commencement of the war (between 1970 and 1914) can be labelled so, could be held responsible for creating a context specific to that time. In this case, militarism and imperialism greatly shaped the relations between the powers and consequently the political shape of pre-war Europe. Imperialism was a symbol of power that allowed the European powers to expand their overseas territories and therefore ‘gain new markets, raw materials and fields of investment’. The movement of ‘the Scramble for Africa’ left most of the African continent occupied by Europeans, notably colonies of Britain, France, Portugal, Spain and Belgium; Germany did have some overseas territories, but as historian Gilbert remarks ‘The Kaiser did not make ffective use of its colonies, and owned them by name rather than by practice’. This observation shows that the Kaiser attached a symbolic importance to colonies. The ambitious German king wished that his recently united Germany (the German unification had only occurred in 1971, not even half a century before the war) would possess more overseas territories. Unfortun ately most of the African continent was already ‘occupied’; leaving the Kaiser with a bitter feeling of rivalry with Britain and France. This led to the dangerous Agadir crisis, in which the Kaiser had ordered a fleet to establish a port at Agadir, on the Atlantic coast of Morocco. The British feared this would give the Germans an undesired strong grip in Northern Africa, and thus threatened them to respond in ‘a hostile manner’ if the German gunboat did not depart immediately. ‘The threat was effective, but the rancour which left it was equally strong’, noted Gilbert. At the Reichstag, a few weeks after the event, a social democrat commented in a worried tone that tensions could lead to a war, to which a parliamentarian responded: ‘After every war things are better! The imperialistic tendencies of Europeans unavoidably led to tensions within Europe itself, generating mutual suspicions and fear. This could explain why the European powers felt the need to invest in the military: in the 1870s, all six major European powers had adopted compulsory military training, which resulted in some 4 ? million men under arms by 1914. Each power’s General army staffs had well-drawn battle plans in readiness: the French had ‘Plan 17’, the Germans had ‘Schlieffen plan’ and Russians had ‘Plan A’. By the beginning of the conflict a total amount of $2 billion a year was spent on armament (all powers combined). It can only be logically concluded that if the powers were investing so much time and money in military they were intending to use it. Finally, it was the ‘short term’ causes led to critical events that escalated into the war. A general historical view observes that it all began when Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo, on the 28th of June 2014. The Italian foreign minister at the time observed that ‘The telegram indicated that the assassination of the Archduke was the occasion rather than the cause of Austria’s ultimatum to Serbia, and it reveals the reason for Austria’s action [invading Serbia]’. This view can also be supported by the fact that ‘between 1906 and 1914 the Austrian Chief of Staff General Hotzendorf had asked more than 25 times for a ‘surprise’ war on Serbia’. The Austro-Hungarians wanted to reduce Serbia’s power by attacking her. When they were provided with an excuse to do so (Ferdinand’s assassination) ‘They were not fully confident to attack immediately for fear of Russian retaliation,’ argues Gilbert: ‘but the fact that they had unconditional German support if ever the conflict widened gave them confidence’. It is argued that the Germans had given their full support because the Austro-Hungarians were their most precious allies, and they could not afford losing the cooperation of the other central power when they were encircled by the Triple Entente (Russia, Britain and France). Therefore, to some extent, it can be argued that it is this unconditional support that pushed Austria to declare war on Serbia, without considering the Russian factor. The main issue with identifying causes of the world war is that there are several and none that can be granted full prominence because opinions vary. It is also difficult to establish a cause and effect relationship, because there is no precision and again, it is subjective. This considered, a link can still be noticed in the causes enumerated above: Nationalism made European powers want to achieve more for them, leading to prestigious and expensive colonization. Unfortunately these imperialist tendencies created conflicts between the powers, creating mutual suspicions and alliances. The tensions gave the powers a feeling of insecurity, and led way to intense militarisation which meant that the powers could be ready in a matter of weeks in the event of a war. The Germans were so prepared for a war they could afford giving their unconditional support to Austria, who then attacked Serbia, and triggered the alliance system. It is a way to explain how the causes are linked; but it is not necessarily pertinent in the sense that these events could have been simply events; they only became causes because of the war. For example, if we use counterfactual history and assume that Austria would have never attacked Serbia, perhaps the war would have broken out over Britain and Germany fighting for an access to the Suez Canal, which at that time would have been likely. Perhaps the war would have never happened if the Europeans did not see war as an acceptable method to solve conflicts: as the German parliamentarian had pointed out, ‘after a war all things are better! ’ and the view that most historians believe that actually the war ‘had long been in the making’. As the American historical review states, ‘There was no slide to war, no war caused by ‘unintended’ events, but instead a world war caused by a fearful set of elite statesmen and rulers making deliberate choices’. Word count: 1 712 Bibliography amp; Words cited â€Å"A. J. P. Taylor. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Aug. 2012. Web. 20 Aug. 2012. lt;http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/A. _J. _P. _Taylorgt;. â€Å"Causes of World War 1. † About. com American History. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Aug. 2012. lt;http://americanhistory. about. com/od/worldwari/tp/causes-of-world-war-1. htmgt;. Clare, John D. â€Å"Causes of WWI – Four Steps to War. † Causes of WWI – Four Steps to War. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Aug. 2012. lt;http://www. johndclare. net/causes_WWI4. htmgt;. Gilbert, Martin. â€Å"Chapter 1: Prelude to War. † The First World War: A Complete History. New York: H. Holt, 1994. N. pag. Print. Gilbert, Martin. â€Å"Chapter 2: Wild with Joy. † The First World War: A Complete History. New York: H. Holt, 1994. N. pag. Print. â€Å"Nationalism. † Nationalism, Patriotism and Loyalty to Causes. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Aug. 2012. lt;http://www. tentmaker. org/Quotes/natio nalism_patriotism_quotes. htmlgt;. †Summary of the Causes of WW1† Moodle. isp. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Aug. 2012. lt;http://isparis. moodle. overnetdata. com/file. php/13/Summary_of_the_Causes_of_WW1. pdfgt;. World History: Notes. Toronto: Coles Pub. , 1979. Print. How to cite The Causes of World War One, Essays

Australian Government and Business Structure †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Australian Government and Business Structure. Answer: Introduction Choosing the legal structure for a business is an important decision which is taken by its owners. The decision has a significant impact on different areas of the business including legal liability, control over operations, and payment of tax[1]. It is a crucial decision and owners are required to evaluate different factors in order to select a suitable structure for the business such as control, limitation of liability, tax implications, flexibility and future needs, continuity of existence, on-going administration and others[2]. A legal structure can be changed by its owners as the business grows or changes. This report will focus on analysing different business structure by evaluating their key characteristics. Further, the report will compare and contrast between advantages and disadvantages of different business structures. In Australia, there are three different business structures which are commonly used by owners[3]. Sole trader Partnership Company Each of these structures has different responsibilities and liabilities which affect costs, asset protection, tax liability and other factors in a business. Owners are not locked in a structure, and they have the option to change the structure as the business grows or changes[4]. In order to select a suitable structure for a business, owners are required to look into advantages and disadvantages of each structure. In a sole trading business structure, a person runs the operations of the business and he/she is responsible for handling different tasks. In this structure, debts and losses of the business are not shared with anyone else. It is a simple and relatively inexpensive structure for starting a new business. As a sole trader, the owner of the business generally take all decisions regarding starting and running the operations, although he/she can employ people for help as well[5]. In sole trading structure, the owner has full control over operations and decisions of the business. The owner can run it how they please and take business decisions without the interference of others. Sole traders are the sole owners of the business which means they retain all the profits of the business. They did not have to share or distribute the revenue to any other person. However, the salary of employees, if any, is required to be paid from the profits[6]. The information regarding working and operations of the business in sole trading remain private in this structure. The information about the business and the owner kept private, unlike, limited companies as their information is public. There is also no reporting requirement for a sole trader. Often people prefer sole traders because they are able to provide a more personal service to local customers than compared to an organisation. The speciality in personal service is more appealing to potential customers, especially in local communities. Due to lack of reporting and full control over operations, sole traders are able to make decisions more quickly than compared to other business structures. It improves efficiency in the business by making it simpler to operate. Sole traders did not have a separate entity in the eyes of the law, like a limited corporation[7]. Therefore, they are subject to unlimited liability. This means business owners can be held personally liable for repaying the debts of the business. The court can give order them to pay their business debts by selling their personal assets and by using their personal savings that they have both inside and outside the business. Sole traders are the only investor in the business, and they find it difficult to raise finance for their business. Due to lack of financial support, they face difficulty while expanding their business in the future. Sole traders make all the decisions in the business which means the owner have to take all decisions without assistance from others. Therefore, the success or failure of the business entirely depends upon the decisions of the sole trader. Sole traders are unable to benefit from economics as compared to limited corporations management and larger firms who invest heavily to purchase in bulk which enables them to charge higher prices for their projects or services[8]. In a partnership business structure, a number of people joined together in order to carry on a business. People select partnership business structure over sole trader if they are entering into a business with another person or a number of people (cannot exceed more than 20 people)[9]. Partnership business structure is divided into two parts general and limited. A partnership firm can include up to 20 partners which mean they are able to fund the business with start-up capital. More partners mean more capital for the business which provides better flexibility and potential growth options[10]. The number of partners is higher than compared to a sole trading business which means more capital for the business, but it is lower than a company since it has the options to raise capital from the public[11]. It is easy to form, manage and run a partnership as compared to a company, whereas, it is more complex than compared to a sole trader. There are less strict reporting and governance requirements as compared to a corporation whereas they are more complex than a sole trader. In a partnership, each partner shares the responsibility of running or operating the business. It allows them to contribute to the business decision-making process by using their abilities which assist in taking beneficial business decisions. Unlike sole traders, the success or failure of the business depends upon the decisions of each partner. While taking business decisions, partners can share their expertise to help each other out in taking effective business decisions. More partners more brains which allow them to take collective decision for solving issues relating to the business. Expertise of each partner assists in decision-making process whereas sole traders take their business decision without assistance from others. Unlike sole traders, partners have to discuss and take collective decisions in the business which increases the chances of disagreements between partners. It is obvious that people have different ideas regarding how a business should run and operate which creates disagreements between partners which might lead to disputes. Often disputes result in dissolving a partnership which is not the case in sole trading structure. General partnerships have unlimited liability which means each partner share financial risks and liability of the business, just like a sole trader. However, partners have the options to create a limited liability partnership in which their liability is limited to the capital that they invest in the business. This structure is similar to a limited liability company without limitations such as complex reporting process while still taking advantages of the flexible business model. All the partners have to sign a partnership agreement which lays down terms of the partnership. This means partners have less freedom in some circumstances than compared to a sole trader. However, as compared to a limited company, the partnership business structure is relatively flexible. Just like sole traders, partners have to pay tax and submit self-assessment tax return each year. They are registered a self-employed and subject to a greater level of personal taxation than compared to a limited company management. Therefore, in some cases, setting up a limited liability company is a more suitable option than compared to a limited liability partnership[12]. In a partnership, partners share profits as per their profits sharing ratio which is provided in the partnership agreement. Generally, partners share equal profits or based on the ratio of their capital contribution. Unlike sole traders, sharing of profits may create conflict between partners result in the dissolution of the partnership[13]. A company business structure is suitable when starting or growing a business. A corporation has separate legal entity from its owners, unlike sole traders or a partnership firm. This means that a company is an artificial person who has individual rights and liabilities and its owners cannot be held personal liability for its debts[14]. It is a complex business structure then compared to a sole trader and a partnership firm, based on its administrative costs and additional reporting requirements. A corporation is registered with Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC), and it has to comply with the regulations providing in the Corporations Act 2001. A company has a separate legal entity which is different from its owners which means it can purchase and sell properties in its name and entered into a contract with other parties. It also means that a company has perpetual succession which means it will continue to exist even after the death of its owner which is not the case in sole traders and partnership firms as they cease to exist as their owners die. The directors of a company are protected under corporate veil, and they cannot be held personally liable for actions of the company. However, its case of fraud or deceptions, the court can use doctrine of piercing of corporate veil to held director liable for their actions[15]. A company has limited liability which means its owners or members cannot be held personally liable for its debts or liabilities. The members are only responsible for the amount of capital invested by them into the firms operations and their personal assets be used for settling companys debts unlike sole traders and general partnership structure. Limited companies are taxed on their profits. For base rate entities (turnover less than $25 million), the tax rate is 27.5 percent, and for other corporations, the current tax rate is 30 percent[16]. Unlike sole traders and partnership firms, the income of a company did not include in the personal income of its members. There are a number of deductions and exemptions available for companies which provide tax advantages to them. The members can claim deductions for train, bus, aeroplane and taxi fare and other accommodations costs such as hotel, travel, food and others. Members can also pay themselves salaries from companys income which provides them tax advantages. Establishing a company is relatively expensive than compared to a sole trader and a partnership firm. Members have to comply with a number of complex requirements and pay different fees for starting a company such as legal, rent, insurance, brochures, consultation and others[17]. There are a number of complex and restrictive regulations which are necessary to comply by a company regarding maintenance of its accounts. As compared to a sole trader and a partnership firm, corporations have to comply with strict reporting system which requires them to submit annual reports. Managing and operating a company require assistance from a number of professionals who perform different duties in order to ensure that the firm is operating effectively[18]. In order to effectively control a company, directors are required to delegate their duties to different employees which makes the process of controlling complex than compared to a sole trader and a partnership firm. There is more complex controlling system in corporations as compared to a sole trader and a partnership. Conclusion In conclusion, each business structure has different advantages, and disadvantages and owners are required to analysing them before selecting a suitable structure for them. The sole trading business structure is relatively inexpensive than compared to a partnership firm or a company. However, a corporation structure provides higher growth opportunities than compared to a sole trader and a partnership. A limited liability partnership incorporates advantages of a separate legal entity without complex reporting and operating requirements of a corporation. Therefore, owners should carefully evaluate different advantages and disadvantages of business structures before selecting the most suitable option for them. Bibliography Adam Wozniak, How to start a business in Australia Choosing a Business Structure (Partnership), 2018 https://www.wecancreate.com/blog/legal-issues/start-business-australia-choosing-business-structure-partnership/ [accessed 21 March 2018]. ASIC, Your business structure, 2018 https://asic.gov.au/for-business/your-business/your-business-structure/ [accessed 21 March 2018]. Australian Government, Business Structure, 2018 https://www.business.gov.au/Info/Plan-and-Start/Start-your-business/Business-structure [accessed 21 March 2018]. Australian Government, Business structures and types, 2017 https://www.business.gov.au/info/plan-and-start/start-your-business/business-structure/business-structures-and-types [accessed 21 March 2018]. Australian Government, Company, 2017 https://www.business.gov.au/info/plan-and-start/start-your-business/business-structure/business-structures-and-types/company [accessed 21 March 2018]. Australian Government, Difference between a sole trader and a company, 2017 https://www.business.gov.au/info/plan-and-start/start-your-business/business-structure/change-business-structure/sole-trader-to-a-company/difference-between-a-sole-trader-and-a-company [accessed 21 March 2018]. Australian Government, Partnership, 2017 https://www.business.gov.au/info/plan-and-start/start-your-business/business-structure/business-structures-and-types/partnership [accessed 21 March 2018]. Australian Government, Sole trader, 2017 https://www.business.gov.au/info/plan-and-start/start-your-business/business-structure/business-structures-and-types/sole-trader [accessed 21 March 2018]. Australian Taxation Office, Company tax rates, 2018 https://www.ato.gov.au/Rates/Company-tax/ [accessed 21 March 2018]. Australian Taxation Office, Partnership, 2018 https://www.ato.gov.au/Business/Starting-your-own-business/Before-you-get-started/Choosing-your-business-structure/Partnership/ [accessed 21 March 2018]. Australian Taxation office, Sole trader, 2016 https://www.ato.gov.au/Business/Starting-your-own-business/Before-you-get-started/Choosing-your-business-structure/Sole-trader/ [accessed 21 March 2018]. Dudley Kneller, Guest post from a Technology Lawyer: Which Australian Business Structure is right for your start-up?, 2015 https://www.buzinga.com.au/buzz/australian-startup-business-structures/ [accessed 21 March 2018]. Legal Vision, Company or Partnership: Which business structure works for you?, 2014 https://legalvision.com.au/company-partnership-business-structure-works/ [accessed 21 March 2018]. Legal123, How to choose the right business structure in Australia, 2016 https://legal123.com.au/how-to-guide/business-structure-australia/ [accessed 21 March 2018]. Marc Walsh, 5 Common Business Structures in Australia, 2018 https://www.altusfinancial.com.au/latest-news-1/5-common-business-structures-in-australia [accessed 21 March 2018]. Small Business, Partnership, 2018 https://www.smallbusiness.wa.gov.au/business-advice/business-structure/partnership [accessed 21 March 2018]. State Library Victoria, Companies, 2018 https://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/companies/structures [accessed 21 March 2018]. Weller, Sally, Erin F. Smith, and Bill Pritchard. "Family or Enterprise? What shapes the business structures of Australian farming?." (2013) 44(2) Australian Geographer 129,142.

Pride And Prejudice Essays (468 words) - Fiction, Literature, Film

Pride and Prejudice The passage which best relates the theme of Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austin, is on page 125, in the middle of the page. This is where Mr. Darcy is proposing to Elizabeth, and is informing her of the inferiority of her family and connections. This passage is significant because it is one of the few times where the characters openly acknowledge that the sole purpose of a person's life is to achieve a high salary and a high social position. It is evident from every point of the story that all people care about is marrying into a higher social rank. And even for those who are comfortable with their current status, it is imperative that they only marry someone of at least equivalent rank. This idea possesses every character in the story and seems to motivate every action that is taken. The superficiality of this idea goes so far as to break the bonds of love. Darcy is willing to insult a girl as he is proposing to her, just to inform her of the what he has to go through in order to stoop to someone of her level. Regardless of what Darcy thought his chances were at acceptance, he was still addressing a girl that barely knows him, and actually dislikes him. That is not a situation where insults are likely to bring results. This point is compounded because Elizabeth only gets slightly insulted by this comment. Her initial refusal of Darcy was based almost totally on his actions towards Jane and Bingley's relationship, and his treatment of Mr. Wickham. However, she is barely perturbed by this comment of Darcy regarding her family. This is so strange because one would expect Elizabeth to at least be equally mad for personal insults as well as for what was done to others. Pride and Prejudice ends with Elizabeth and Darcy each overcoming their anger against each other, and falling in love. However, this touching scene is ruined because of the appearance of Lady Catherine. She demands Elizabeth to marry Darcy, and tells Darcy that it would look very negatively on his family if he were to marry someone as "low class" as Elizabeth. So even one's family is willing to break up "true love" in order to maintain rank. This theme runs throughout the entire story and really destroys the entire thing. Other stories, such as Romeo and Juliet, have the same sort of "forbidden" marriages, and since those arrive out of real situations, they add more interest to the story. Here, it is simply prejudice by rich people against poorer people, which only detracts from the writing. So while this theme may have existed in reality during Jane Austen's lifetime, it should not have been included in the story.

The Roman Republic and Its Government

The Roman Republic and Its Government The Roman Republic began in  509 B.C. when the Romans expelled the Etruscan kings and set up their own government. Having witnessed the problems of the monarchy on their own land, and aristocracy and democracy among the Greeks, they opted for a mixed form of government, with three branches. This innovation became known as a republican system. The strength of the republic is the system of checks and balances, which aims to find a consensus between the desires of the various branches of government. The Roman Constitution outlined these checks and balances, but in an informal way. Most of the constitution was unwritten and laws were upheld by precedent. The Republic lasted 450 years until the territorial gains of the Roman civilization stretched its governance to the limit. A series of strong rulers called Emperors emerged with Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., and their reorganization of the Roman form of government ushered in the Imperial period. Branches of Roman Republican Government Consuls: Two consuls with supreme civil and military authority held the highest office in Republican Rome. Their power, which was shared equally and which lasted only one year, was reminiscent of the monarchial power of the king. Each consul could veto the other, they led the army, served as judges, and had religious duties. At first, the consuls were patricians, from famous families. Later laws encouraged plebeians to campaign for the consulship; eventually one of the consuls had to be a plebeian. After a term as consul, a Roman man joined the Senate for life. After 10 years, he could campaign for consulship again. The Senate: While the consuls had executive authority, it was expected that they would follow the advice of Rome’s elders. The Senate (senatus council of elders) predated the Republic, having been founded in the Eighth Century B.C. It was an advisory branch, initially composed of about 300 patricians who served for life. The ranks of the Senate were drawn from ex-consuls and other officers, who also had to be landowners. Plebeians were eventually admitted to the Senate as well. The primary focus of the Senate was Rome’s foreign policy, but they had great jurisdiction in civil affairs as well, as the Senate controlled the treasury. The Assemblies: The most democratic branch of the Roman Republican form of government were the assemblies. These large bodies - there were four of them - made some voting power available to many Roman citizens (but not all, as those who lived in the outreaches of the provinces still lacked meaningful representation). The Assembly of Centuries (comitia centuriata), was composed of all members of the army, and it elected consuls annually. The Assembly of Tribes (comitia tributa), which contained all citizens, approved or rejected laws and decided issues of war and peace.The Comitia Curiata was composed of 30 local groups, and was elected by the Centuriata, and served mostly a symbolic purpose for Rome’s founding families. The Concilium Plebis represented the plebeians.

Casting and Data Type Conversions in VB.NET

Casting and Data Type Conversions in VB.NET Casting is the process of converting one data type to another, for example, from an Integer type to a String type. Some operations in VB.NET require specific data types to work. Casting creates the type you need. The first article in this two-part series, Casting and Data Type Conversions in VB.NET, introduces casting. This article describes the three operators you can use to cast in VB.NET - DirectCast, CType and TryCast - and compares their performance. Performance is one of the big differences between the three casting operators according to Microsoft and other articles. For example, Microsoft is usually careful to warn that, DirectCast ... can provide somewhat better performance than CType when converting to and from data type Object. (Emphasis added.) I decided to write some code to check. But first a word of caution. Dan Appleman, one of the founders of the technical book publisher Apress and a reliable technical guru, once told me that benchmarking performance is much harder to do correctly than most people realize. There are factors like machine performance, other processes that might be running in parallel, optimization like memory caching or compiler optimization, and errors in your assumptions about what the code is actually doing. In these benchmarks, I have tried to eliminate apples and oranges comparison errors and all tests have been run with the release build. But there still might be errors in these results. If you notice any, please let me know. The three casting operators are: DirectCastCTypeTryCast In practical fact, you will usually find that the requirements of your application will determine which operator you use. DirectCast and TryCast have very narrow requirements. When you use DirectCast, the type must already be known. Although the code ... theString DirectCast(theObject, String) ... will compile successfully if theObject isnt a string already, then the code will throw a runtime exception. TryCast is even more restrictive because it wont work at all on value types such as Integer. (String is a reference type. For more on value types and reference types, see the first article in this series.) This code ... theInteger TryCast(theObject, Integer) ... wont even compile. TryCast is useful when youre not sure what type of object youre working with. Rather than throwing an error like DirectCast, TryCast just returns Nothing. The normal practice is to test for Nothing after executing TryCast. Only CType (and the other Convert operators like CInt and CBool) will convert types that dont have an inheritance relationship such as an Integer to a String: Dim theString As String 1 Dim theInteger As Integer theInteger CType(theString, Integer) This works because CType uses helper functions that arent part of the .NET CLR (Common Language Runtime) to perform these conversions. But remember that CType will also throw an exception if theString doesnt contain something that can be converted to an Integer. If theres a possibility that the string isnt an integer like this ... Dim theString As String George ... then no casting operator will work. Even TryCast wont work with Integer because its a value type. In a case like this, you would have to use validity checking, such as the TypeOf operator, to check your data before trying to cast it. Microsofts documentation for DirectCast specifically mentions casting with an Object type so thats what I used in my first performance test. Testing begins on the next page! DirectCast will usually use an Object type, so thats what I used in my first performance test. To include TryCast in the test, I also included an If block since nearly all programs that use TryCast will have one. In this case, however, it will never be executed. Heres the code that compares all three when casting an Object to a String: Dim theTime As New Stopwatch() Dim theString As String Dim theObject As Object An Object Dim theIterations As Integer CInt(Iterations.Text) * 1000000 DirectCast Test theTime.Start() For i 0 To theIterations theString DirectCast(theObject, String) Next theTime.Stop() DirectCastTime.Text theTime.ElapsedMilliseconds.ToString CType Test theTime.Restart() For i As Integer 0 To theIterations theString CType(theObject, String) Next theTime.Stop() CTypeTime.Text theTime.ElapsedMilliseconds.ToString TryCast Test theTime.Restart() For i As Integer 0 To theIterations theString TryCast(theObject, String) If theString Is Nothing Then MsgBox(This should never display) End If Next theTime.Stop() TryCastTime.Text theTime.ElapsedMilliseconds.ToString This initial test seems to show that Microsoft is right on target. Heres the result. (Experiments with larger and smaller numbers of iterations as well as repeated tests under different conditions didnt show any significant differences from this result.) Click Here to display the illustration DirectCast and TryCast were similar at 323 and 356 milliseconds, but CType took over three times as much time at 1018 milliseconds. When casting reference types like this, you pay for the flexibility of CType in performance. But does it always work this way? The Microsoft example in their page for DirectCast is mainly useful for telling you what wont work using DirectCast, not what will. Heres the Microsoft example: Dim q As Object 2.37 Dim i As Integer CType(q, Integer) The following conversion fails at run time Dim j As Integer DirectCast(q, Integer) Dim f As New System.Windows.Forms.Form Dim c As System.Windows.Forms.Control The following conversion succeeds. c DirectCast(f, System.Windows.Forms.Control) In other words, you cant use DirectCast (or TryCast, although they dont mention it here) to cast an Object type to an Integer type, but you can use DirectCast to cast a Form type to a Control type. Lets check the performance of Microsofts example of what will work with DirectCast. Using the same code template shown above, substitute ... c DirectCast(f, System.Windows.Forms.Control) ... into the code along with similar substitutions for CType and TryCast. The results are a little surprising. Click Here to display the illustration DirectCast was actually the slowest of the three choices at 145 milliseconds. CType is just a little quicker at 127 milliseconds but TryCast, including an If block, is the quickest at 77 milliseconds. I also tried writing my own objects: Class ParentClass ... End Class Class ChildClass Inherits ParentClass ... End Class I got similar results. It appears that if youre not casting an Object type, youre better off not using DirectCast.

American Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Government - Essay Example An objective that was clearly lived up to as far as the cultural will of the people is concerned; in the way America has more races of people that reside in the country than any other nation in the world. It is through the constitution that every culture and religion on earth has found a place in America and then had the ability to flourish; with individuals from various backgrounds and religions and cultures finding a place for themselves in the American way of life and hence the formulation of an American identity. Today however we look at the numerous ways in which the American Government falls short as far as reflecting the will of the American people globally and socially is concerned. If we look closely in the past decade there has been wide spread public cynicism as far as established political institutions and the government is concerned. With the most frequently occurring theme in the American political system being pointed out by critics being the obvious dismay of the Amer ican citizen as far as the government’s inability to perform is concerned. ... One might wonder what causes all this discontent as far as the social needs of the people are concerned. A key push that has driven the public to formulate the negative opinion as far as their effectiveness to represent the people is concerned is that of the new health care bill which excludes certain state members from paying the same taxes as the other states. If equality is a social obligation which the government stands to promote the health care bill clearly does not authenticate that line of thought (Mcdonald, 1999). Unemployment, according to the Fortune is right now the No.1 issue in America, with the unavailability of jobs being a key concern along with employer’s inability to find workers they want. Even then the government fails to address this issue when presenting their jobs agenda to the nation. This was seen as a key missing element in the American Jobs Act. A shocking perspective of this situation roots from three key reasons due to which the Defense Department has found about 75% of American citizens between the ages of 17 and 24 who are not qualified even to serve in armed forces being; inadequate education, criminality and physical unfitness. Three shocking aspects that further signify the failure of the American government to come up with effective education reforms, social controls and providing adequate health facilities. A society in which the basic needs of each individual are not lived up to leads to social deterioration and unrest of the community as a whole. The Pentagon highlights the fact that there are 26 million young adults who are incompetent, unhealthy and undereducated individuals to be able to live up to professional and technologically advanced requirements (Colvin, 2011). How then can the government live up to its ‘We

MIS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

MIS - Research Paper Example An efficient MIS can be costly to incorporate in already existing businesses. However, they improve the coordination of different departments and the flow of the business processes and in so doing enhances productivity while simultaneously cutting down the costs of operation (Laudon & Laudon 2). The diagram below illustrates the 10-step traditional chain of process at a corn mill. There are five departments in this specific corn mill. These are the Procurement department, the Processing department, the storage department, the accounting department and the sales department. The corn is from suppliers who have been sourced by the procurement department. This department ensures that the corn is transported to the mill through the suppliers or procured transporters. The procurement department is responsible for making sure that enough corn is continuously supplied to the mill to avoid instances of shortage. After this, the corn is handed over to the processing department. Before anything is done to the corn, it is first of all graded. During grading, the corn is sorted based on its quality and fitness for consumption. After the corn has been graded, it is taken to the mill. Here it is grinded to cornmeal, processed and packed. The lower quality corn is taken to the animal feed mill where it is processed to animal feed. Waste is then disposed or stored for compost or energy generation. The ground corn is then handed to the storage department. In the storage department, the already packed cornmeal is counted and further packed into storage containers. This is as a quality control measure to avoid storing or selling damaged produce. Excess produce is in silos. The stock taking records are then forwarded to the accounting department. The accounting department ascertains the records provided are accurate. Records are duplicated and stored for future purposes. The accounting

Dog whistle Essay Example for Free

Dog whistle Essay The win for republicans relied on two factors. They played in the areas they were the weakest and they targeted voters and groups of voters. This was known as the â€Å"dog whistle† implying that Bush’s speech was only heard by those targeted groups. They kept away for the conventional political indicators such as economy, jobs and health. â€Å"The Bush strategists found a new way to identify and communicate with potential supporters† (Morgan, 2005). By doing this it changed the established ideas of what elections are about and why individuals vote the way they do. John Kerry’s lead was only in indicators that usually determined winner or loser in western democracies. â€Å"Majorities, sometimes large majorities, favored abolishing offshore tax havens, reforming healthcare writing labor and environmental protections into trade accords, and protecting benefits levels and spending on education and health, while 45 per cent opposed Bush’s tax cuts for the rich† ( Morgan, 2005). All of the tax policies were supported in the Democratic Party. Republicans strategy was to play on the conservative voters hoping to draw them to the polls by appealing to their most basic values, fears and prejudices. They also plagued Kerry’s campaign with hints about his trustworthiness. â€Å"Research by the University of Wisconsin indicates the Republicans ran 101,000 advertisements attacking Kerry’s character, while up to 95 percent of Kerry’s ads were based on issues† ( Morgan, 2005). When looking at the reasons why 35 percent said it was because they didn’t trust him. Another 23 percent didn’t because of his stance on gay marriage and 18 percent because of the issue of abortion. The Republicans also relied on TargetPoint a republican firm that relied on every database that the republicans could get then; they cross referenced this to the buying power of the citizens. This would enable direct mail marketers, telephone volunteer and door to door campaigning. This type of marketing is effective and was seen all across America. I can’t count how many people I came across during that elections that would have some type of comment on how much they got in the mail or how many phone calls they received during this time. I don’t really want to call his issue â€Å"feel good† but rather conservative rationale mixed with fear that gave the vote towards the Republican side of the yard. Reference: Magleby, D. B. , O’Brien, D. , Light, P. , Peltason, J. W. , Cronin, T. E. (2006). Government by the People: National, State, and Local 21st. Ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Morgan, S. ( March 18, 2005). It worked for Bush. New Statesman. 134(4736).

Classification Essay - Three Types of Cheaters -- Classification Essay

Plagiarism - Three Types of Cheaters "Fools make researches and wise men exploit them." Merriam-Webster's dictionary defines the word plagiarize as to pass off as one's own the ideas or words of another. Every student knows that plagiarism is dishonest and wrong. Why do so many students do it? Students themselves may not believe that they are plagiarizing. Many students plagiarize because of the diverse types of plagiarism which are often unknown to students. The three major types of plagiarism are shameless, haphazard and self-plagiarism. Self-plagiarism is a relatively new concept that has not gained much attention in the student world. Shameless plagiarists are the ones who go through their entire academic career passing off other people's work as their own. In a majority of cases, these people do not get caught. Recently, a first year student at the San Diego State University admitted to her friends that she was turning in her uncle's essays for every assignment. She felt that she was not doing harm to anyone because her uncle would specifically write the essays for her. All this student had to do was retype the essays with her name on the top of the paper. According to this student, she is not plagiarizing because her uncle has given his expressed permission by consenting to the use of his essays. She has almost completed her first year at the school without even one teacher suspecting academic dishonesty. Although her friends and family members are appalled at her and her uncle's lack of scruples, no one has alerted the school or her teachers. Up north at Chico State University, a young man confessed to his friends that he sends his rough-draft essays to his mother for "proof-reading." His mother essentially woul... ...arism or else students run the risk of being found guilty of plagiarism. Students may think they know what plagiarism is but a lot more are guilty of at least one of the three forms plagiarism. References A Modern Utopia by HG Wells taken from The Economist (US), Feb. 3, 2001 p6 The Spinster and the Prophet. Merriam-Webster Dictionary p 530. Michael Spears (http://voyager.dvc.edu/~bmckinney/www.ehhs.cmich.edu/~mspears/plagiarism.html) New York Times Upfront, Jan 1, 2001, v133 i9 p10 "Truth or Consequences." Personal Interview with San Diego State student 4/2/01 Personal Interview with mother of Chico State student 4/3/01 Personal Interview with Carondelet student 4/5/01 The Christian Science Monitor March 6, 2001 p17 "Your work, or the Web's?" US News & World Report, Nov. 22, 1999 v 127 i20 p 63 "The great term-paper buying caper."

Psychotherapy Matrix Essay

Select three approaches to summarize. Include examples of the types of psychological disorders appropriate for each therapy. {Insert type of therapy approach}{Insert type of therapy approach}{Insert type of therapy approach} Summary of Approach The psychodynamic approach to therapy seeks to bring unresolved and past conflicts from the unconscious to the conscious, meaning childhood memories and past memories that are buried deep in your memory or ones that you wanted to forget, are brought to the fore front to be discussed. Indivduals use repression to push threatening conflicts into the unconsciousness. This approach explores brakes down the unconsciousness for the therapist and the patient. The behavioral approach therapy build on the basic processes of learning such as reinforcement and extinction, and assume that normal and abnormal are both learned meaning that you will learn things to modify behavior using some sort of conditioning which is classical or adverse. These types of conditioning involve some sort of action that reduces the frequency of undesired behavior by pairing an unpleasant stimulus with the undesired behavior to teach or learn lessons. The cognitive approach to therapy teaches people to think in more adaptive ways by changing their dysfunctional cognitions about the world and themselves meaning the cognitive approach helps people understand the thoughts and feelings that influence behaviors. People learn how to change their thinking and behavior. Disorders appropriate for this therapyAnxiety disorders that are appropriate for this type of therapy such as obsessive-compulsion disorder, bi-polar disorder, and phobic disorders. Disorders that are appropriate for this type of therapy include anorexia, phobic disorders, ADHD, autism. Disorders that are appropriate for this type of therapy include phobic disorders, depression and anxiety disorders.

La Llorona: Prologue

The story of La Llorona has a lot of different variations.   There are some common elements found in each variation though.   Each story would have a ghost of a woman crying for her children.   The variations rest with how her children died and the name of the woman and her place of origin.   Some say she’s from Mexico and some say she’s from New Mexico or even Texas. Her name also varies, from Maria to Hilda.   Whatever the case, she always ends up looking for her dead children. La Llorona: Part 1 Once there was a beautiful woman called Maria Magdalena.   She hails from the southern town of Sta. Rosa where tradition runs deep in the veins of all that live within its boundaries, and farther beyond. Maria Magdalena comes from a poor farming family who has worked for generations with the land baron of Sta. Rosa, named Don Manuel Esquivel.   Maria Magdalena’s family has been indebted to Don Manuel’s family for generations and her generation was no different.   The land that Maria Magdalena tills belonged to Don Manuel’s family for as long as everybody can remember. Don Manuel has one child by the name of Jeremiah.   He is a few years older than Maria but he was more kind hearted than his father.   He was a good friend to Maria Magdalena’s older brother Juancho, and played with them when they were growing up.   It was no surprise then when one day, Jeremiah and Maria Magdalena found themselves in love with each other.   Despite warnings from her parents and her brother Juancho, Maria went on with her secret tryst with Jeremiah, and unknown to Don Manuel, Maria Magdalena soon got pregnant and bore twins – a girl and a boy. Immediately after giving birth to the twins, Jeremiah had to travel to a far-away city to finish his studies.   Maria Magdalena begged for him not to go but Jeremiah promised to be back for her and their children as soon as he gets his diploma, and he could provide them a good income and source of living, even without the help of his father, Don Manuel.   Maria Magdalena believed him and all his promises.   She faced the anger of her parents and shame of being an unwed mother.   Besides her own family, nobody knows who was the father of her children.   They were much too afraid that they would be banished from the land, if Don Manuel knows of their secret. After four long years of waiting, Maria Magdalena heard the news that Jeremiah was coming back to Sta. Rosa, and that a big feast would be held for his homecoming and graduation.   The whole town was invited and Maria wore the best dress she could afford, and dressed the twins so they could meet their father. At long last, the day of the feast came and the whole town of Sta. Rosa was bedecked with bougainvilleas and other decorations much like that of a fiesta.   Everybody was there.   It was clear though that there is a distinct difference in the rows of table in front of the presidential table and the tables in the back.   Rich families and politicos (politicians) were all seated in the tables bedecked with specially adorned table cloths while the ones at the back were made of ordinary bamboo, for the people belonging to poorer side of the town. A specially set stage was also provided in front of the presidential table facing the crowd for entertainments and announcements from the family of Don Manuel.   Finally, the long awaited arrival of Jeremiah’s car came.   The Mercedes Benz was given way and Maria Magdalena’s kids were all excited.   Even her parents and brother was there to share her excitement.   All they want was for Maria Magdalena and Jeremiah to finally get married so the kids could finally be legitimated.   To their shock and horror though, Jeremiah got out of the car with a beautiful woman in tow. Juancho steadied Maria Magdalena who was almost faint with despair.   She cautioned her not to make a scene because there might still be a good explanation for what they just saw.   However, after Jeremiah hugged his parents, he introduced his lady companion and whispered something to Don Manuel’s ears.   Don Manuel was beaming with pride.   He went onstage and got everybody’s attention for a special announcement.   He went on to say that his son not only brought home a diploma but a fiancà ©e as well. He announced the betrothal and forthcoming wedding of the engaged couple a month from the day of the homecoming celebration and invited everybody to come again and celebrate his family’s twin blessings.   Not long after, while everybody was celebrating and enjoying themselves with the free flowing good food and wine, Maria Magdalena’s family silently went on their way without saying a word to the family of the celebrant. Maria Magdalena almost went insane with grief.   She waited four long years for Jeremiah to fulfill his promises and bore the insults that came her and her family’s way when she bore the twins.   For three weeks, Maria Magdalena could hardly get up or eat.   Then one day, she just stopped crying. There was something different in her demeanor.   She looks so calm and there was a kind of peace and resolve as she went to meet with the town’s witch doctor.   She didn’t tell her brother or her parents where she went. This was something she has to do on her own.   Her parents were so surprised when she said she and the children will be attending the wedding celebration for Jeremiah and his new bride.   She said she had accepted her fate and just wants the children to see their father one last time and they would go on their way to another town far from Sta. Rosa to begin a new life without Jeremiah.   Despite their objections, Maria Magdalena was too determined to do what she had planned, so they could do nothing but stay behind.   Maria Magdalena also borrowed her brother’s horse and carriage.   She wanted to go alone with the children. On the appointed day of the wedding, Maria Magdalena looked so serene in a long white gown – it almost looked like a wedding gown – only simpler but nevertheless there was something ethereal about her.   Her children were also dressed in white as a flower girl and a ring bearer.   They were both holding a small woven basket.   The wedding celebrant’s table was positioned just so everybody could come round and greet the newlyweds.   It was then that Maria Magdalena brought her twin children around and Jeremiah couldn’t look at her straight in the eye.   He did say that she was as beautiful and the kids are wonderful. She just looked at him and she kissed the bride on the cheek.   Before she turned to go, she told Jeremiah to look at the twins closely for this is the last time he would be seeing them.   Jeremiah followed Maria Magdalena and begged for her to meet with him later.   Maria Magdalena relented and they agreed to meet on their secret trysting place 30 minutes later.   Maria Magdalena then proceeded to go with a mysterious smile on her face. At the appointed time, Jeremiah sneaked out of the celebration and went on to their secret place by the hill.   Maria Magdalena was there and the kids were in the carriage seemingly asleep.   Jeremiah approached and he tried holding Maria Magdalena but she stopped him and said, â€Å"I was truthful when I said to look closely at your children, for it will be the last time you will see them†. Jeremiah replied â€Å"Can’t we talk this out? I know I have wronged you, but they are my kids too.   I can provide support to them and still be a good father.†Ã‚   Maria shook her head slowly, tears falling in her cheeks.   She boarded the carriage and said, â€Å"It’s too late Jeremiah.   When you failed to fulfill your promise, I vowed I will always make true what I tell you. And I was truthful when I said that it would be the last time you will see your kids.   Do you see them?   They lay down so peacefully. They will never come to know you or the other half of the blood that runs through their veins come from you and your deceitful race!   You see Jeremiah, that small basket they were holding on to contained the most potent potion one could ever have.   I gave it to them after they met their father for the first and last time.   They shouldn’t suffer anymore waiting for you to come and get us.   They are at last at peace! And you, you shall not come to know our twin angels.   You do not deserve to know them. Goodbye Jeremiah! May you come to know the grief I had suffered through while waiting for you!†Ã‚   Maria Magdalena then struck the horse and went on with her two dead children.  Ã‚   Jeremiah stood there, shaken by what had just transpired and went down on his knees upon realizing that his children died by the hands of their own mother.   He cried and shook violently.   As the sun sets and darkness surrounded the hill that was once a witness to their promise of an undying love. La Llorona Part 2: A Brief Analysis of the La Llorona version In re-writing the version of La Llorona, I closely followed the character of an almost similar story of love and betrayal in the character of Medea (Bates, p 192). I have encountered the story of Medea a lot earlier than Llorona but as I was going through the various versions accredited to the southern legend La Llorona, the similarities struck me.   Hence, I applied some similar character traits of Medea by Euripedes (Coleridge) by also naming the character of the legend La Llorona (Hayes), to a name common to all the legend’s version, Maria, and adding a namesake after Medea, Magdalena. One of the similarities of Maria Magdalena and Medea is that of their passionate and almost obsessive devotion to their lovers, no matter what the cost.   Medea betrayed her own father and caused Pelias’ death by his own daughter’s hands (Bates and Coleridge).   Meanwhile, Maria Magdalena has shamed herself and her own family by being an unwed mother in a conservative and religious town (Sta. Rosa). Another similarity in the thematic flow of both stories is that Maria Magdalena was promised by Jeremiah that they will get married when he got back, so did Jason pledged his love to Medea.   Both Medea. and Maria Magdalena bore their lovers two children; both have done so without the benefit or blessing of a solemnified marriage. Similarly, both Jason and Jeremiah betrayed their promises of marriage. Like Medea, Maria Magdalena killed her children in retribution to her lovers’ betrayal.   They also both carried their dead children away in a horse carriage without giving their lover the benefit of burying their own children. The emphasis I stated in their similarities was done so to evoke not just for thematic purposes or display but more so to point out some possibilities that these actions are not limited to legends alone.   Both women were betrayed and deeply hurt by their lovers despite all sacrifices for the man of the life.   Both have shunned tradition just so they could prove their love for their man.   This is a universal theme common in most tragic love stories, and not limited to Medea by Euripedes or to La Llorona. What was uncommon though, that adds an almost perverted dignity to their characters is the murder of their children by their own hands.   It is a well known fact that mothers would give their lives for their children, and Medea and Maria Magdalena murdering their children has a two-pronged purpose. One is to cause extreme grief to their lovers in an act of revenge and the other is extreme sacrifice of their own love for their children just so they would be safe from further external harm.   Both the mother in Medea and Maria Magdalena would rather that their children die by their own hands than have strangers touch their babies. The impact of the actions of both Medea and Maria Magdalena reaches the core of one’s being.   It is painful to think or to even fathom of such possibilities.  Ã‚   Then again, sometimes, truth and its possibilities can be a lot more bizarre and stranger than fiction. Works Cited: Archer, Carol. Living with Strangers in the U.S.A.: Communicating Beyond Culture. Englewoods Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1991. Bates, Alfred. â€Å"Medea: An Analysis of the play by Euripedes†. The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization, vol. 1. London: Historical Publishing   Company, 1906.   192-196. Coleridge, E.P. (trans.). Euripedes. Medea. [email  protected], 2004. Cordeiro, Paula, Timothy Reagan, and Linda Martinez. Multiculturalism and TQE. Thousand Oaks: Corwin, 1994. Hayes, Joe. The Weeping Woman (La Llorona). Teaching from a Hispanic Perspective. A Handbook for non-Hispanic Adult Educators.   June 4, 2007.                  

Lo que hay que saber sobre la mayoría de edad en EEUU

Lo que hay que saber sobre la mayorà ­a de edad en EEUU En Estados Unidos, cada  estado establece la edad de mayorà ­a de edad. Es importante saberla porque  a partir de la misma se considera a una persona como adulta. Si bien hay importantes excepciones para determinados cosas e incluso para efectos migratorios. Por su importancia legal, en este artà ­culo se informa sobre las distintas edades de mayorà ­a segà ºn los estados y cundo, a pesar de ser menores de edad, pueden ser juzgados como adulto. Adems, cules son los actos que un menor de edad puede hacer con efectos legales y cules le estn prohibidos a pesar de ser mayor de edad y, finalmente,  cules son los casos en los que la edad determina derechos desde el punto de vista migratorio. Adems, se resalta el tema de la edad para consentimiento sexual, ya que si no se respetan las reglas de cada estado, podrà ­a haber problemas. Edad de mayorà ­a de edad en Estados Unidos por estados y Puerto Rico Este es un asunto que regula cada estado. 47 de ellos y el Distrito de Columbia -la ciudad de Washington D.C.- han decidido que la mayorà ­a de edad es a los 18 aà ±os. Sin embargo hay tres importantes excepciones: dos estados han seà ±alado que se alcanza la mayorà ­a de edad a los 19: Alabama y Nebraska. Y uno a los 21: Mississippi. Con independencia del estado, todos los ciudadanos americanos mayores de 18 aà ±os pueden votar en elecciones federales, porque asà ­ lo establece la Constitucià ³n. En el estado libre asociado de Puerto Rico la edad de mayorà ­a de edad quedà ³ fijada en 18 aà ±os. En quà © casos menores de edad pueden actuar como si fueran personas adultas Hay que consultar con las leyes de cada estado, a que hay grandes diferencias entre ellos. Un buen nà ºmero de estados considera que en determinadas circunstancias los menores de 18 aà ±os son mayores de edad, generalmente en casos de: emancipacià ³n judicialmatrimonioestar alistado en el Ejà ©rcito, lo cual es frecuente por sus ventajas. Adems, algunos estados conceden capacidad para decidir por sà ­ mismo a los menores en ciertos asuntos. Pero puede darse en situaciones relacionadas con: edad para contraer matrimonio. Si se tienen los aà ±os requeridos en el estado para contraer matrimonio legalmente y se tienen recursos econà ³micos suficientes entonces se puede solicitar la green card para el esposo/a extranjero.capacidad para celebrar cierto tipo de contratosCapacidad para demandar en corte por medio de representante (guardin, next friend, etc)Capacidad para decidir sobre tratamiento mà ©dico. Edad mà ­nima para puede ser juzgado como juvenil y juzgado como adulto En Estados Unidos, dependiendo de su edad los menores de edad que cometen un delito  pueden: no ser juzgados porque se considera que no tienen capacidadser juzgados como un juvenilser juzgados como un adulto No todos los estados establecen una edad mà ­nima para excluir a los nià ±os de todo tipo de responsabilidad criminal, lo cual significa que pueden ser juzgados independientemente de su edad. Sin embargo, una veintena de estados sà ­ que han establecido una edad mà ­nima. Asà ­ non pueden ser juzgados los menores de 10 aà ±os en Arkansas, Colorado, Dakota del Sur, Kansas, Lousiana, Minesota, Mississippi, Pennsylvania, Texas, Vermont y Wisconsin. Los menores de 8 aà ±os no tienen responsabilidad penal en Arizona, Nevada y Washington. Dicha edad se rebaja a los 7 aà ±os en los casos de Connecticut, Dakota del Norte, Maryland, Massachusetts y Nueva York. Finalmente, los nià ±os pueden ser juzgados en Carolina del Norte a partir de los 6 aà ±os. Los menores de edad, cuando son juzgados, pueden serlo como juveniles o como adultos, es decir, en corte criminal ordinaria. Como regla general, en todos los estados se establece que ninguna persona mayor de 18 aà ±os puede ser juzgada como juvenil. Adems, se establece una edad menor a partir de la cual una persona es juzgada como adulto. En los estados de Georgia, Michigan, Missouri, Texas y Wisconsin dicha edad es 16 aà ±os y en todos los dems estados la edad mà ­nima para ser juzgado como adulto en corte criminal es 17 aà ±os. Resaltar que a partir de octubre de 2020, en el estado de Nueva York los menores de 16 y 17 aà ±os no sern juzgados automticamente como adultos, como est sucediendo en estos momentos. En todo caso, los 50 estados que componen la Unià ³n Americana tienen leyes que se conocen en inglà ©s con el nombre de transfer laws que permiten que los menores que cometan delitos muy graves, como por ejemplo, asesinato, puedan ser juzgados como adultos con independencia de la edad que tengan. Las modalidades de las transfer laws y sus requisitos varà ­an de estado a estado. Quà © no se puede hacer hasta los 21 aà ±os de edad A pesar de haber alcanzado la mayorà ­a de edad, los menores de 21 aà ±os no pueden comprar bebidas alcohà ³licas, excepto en el caso de Puerto Rico. Sin embargo,  las reglas sobre la presencia de menores en bares o tiendas de licor o consumo en privado,  por ejemplo, en una cena familiar, depende de cada estado. Adems, segà ºn las leyes federales, los menores de 21 aà ±os no pueden comprar pistolas a ningà ºn comerciante. Sin embargo, pueden adquirirlas a partir de los 18 aà ±os si es a travà ©s de una persona privada. Asimismo, pueden comprar rifles y escopetas a un comerciante a partir de los 18 y no hay là ­mite de edad cuando se trata de adquisiciones privadas. En el tema de compra de armas, adems de las leyes federales hay que respetar las leyes del estado en el que se vive. Varios de los estados imponen un mà ­nimo de 21 aà ±os de edad para comprar y/o poseer pistolas, por ejemplo California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Nueva Jersey, Nueva York, Rhode Island, Washington, Wyoming y la ciudad de Washington D.C. Consecuencias de la edad en asuntos migratorios A efectos migratorios, son varios los casos en los que se considera a una persona como infante (child) mientras es menor  21 aà ±os de edad y est soltero. Por ejemplo, en las peticiones de sus hijos  por parte de ciudadanos o residentes permanentes. Adems, los ciudadanos sà ³lo pueden pedir a hermanos y padres si ya han cumplido los 21 aà ±os de edad.   Otro caso donde importa la edad es el de los indocumentados menores de 21 aà ±os que no estn casados y que han sido abusados o abandonados por uno de sus padres, ya que podrà ­an obtener papeles si califican para el Estatus Especial de Inmigrante Juvenil.   Se trata de casos en los que las leyes migratorias protegen ms all de los 18 aà ±os de edad.   Sin embargo, en el caso de los muchachos que pueden ser protegidos por la Accià ³n Diferida (DACA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) sà ³lo estn amparados los que llegaron a Estados Unidos antes de cumplir los 16 aà ±os de edad. El consentimiento para actos sexuales y la edad Cuando un adulto mantiene relaciones sexuales fuera del matrimonio con un menor de edad, aunque sean consentidas, puede ser considerado un delito, lo cual podrà ­a tener consecuencias penales y tambià ©n migratorias. Para evitar problemas serios hay que tener en cuenta cul es  la edad para el consentimiento sexual en cada estado  Y es que como regla general, la mayorà ­a de edad y la de consentimiento para actos de naturaleza sexual no coinciden y es fundamental tener en cuenta la edad de las 2 personas que realizan el acto à ­ntimo. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Definition and Examples of Prolepsis in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Prolepsis in Rhetoric (1) In rhetoric, prolepsis is foreseeing and forestalling objections to an argument. Adjective: proleptic. Similar to procatalepsis. Also called anticipation. (2) Similarly, prolepsis is a  figurative device by which a future event is presumed to have already occurred. Etymology:  From the Greek, preconception, anticipation Examples and Observations In the ancient art of rhetoric, prolepsis stood for the anticipation of possible objections to a speech. This anticipation enabled the speaker to provide answers to objections before anyone had the chance to even raise them. In other words, the speaker takes the role/attitude of the listener while preparing or delivering his speech, and he tries to assess in advance what possible objections could be raised.(A. C. Zijderveld, On Clichà ©s: The Supersedure of Meaning by Function in Modernity. Routledge, 1979)In 1963, Nobel Prize-winning economist William Vickrey suggested that [automobile] insurance be included in the purchase of tires. Anticipating the objection that this might lead people to drive on bald tires, Vickrey said drivers should get credit for the remaining tread when they turn in a tire. Andrew Tobias proposed a variation on this scheme in which insurance would be included in the price of gasoline. That would have the added benefit of solving the problem of uninsured mot orists (roughly 28% of California drivers). As Tobias points out, you can drive a car without insurance, but you cant drive it without gasoline.(Ian Ayres and Barry Nalebuff, Would You Buy Car Insurance by the Mile? Forbes, 2005) [P]rolepsis is a form of looking ahead, of assuming something to be the case before it has been encountered, a foreshadowing in some sense. Novelists do this all the time when they hint at things to come, or when they omit information, almost as if they thought the reader already knew it. The result of such prolepsis [is] that the reader (or hearer) creates, rather than passively receives, the information necessary to complete the scene or circumstances that the writer (or speaker) merely hints at.(Leo van Lier, The Ecology and Semiotics of Language Learning: A Sociocultural Perspective. Kluwer, 2004)In the movie The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Luke Skywalker says, Im not afraid, to which Jedi master Yoda responds, You will be. Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) contains proleptic scenes of future nuclear devastation envisioned by a woman whose son is the target of a robot sent back in time to kill him.(Ross Murfin and Supryia M. Ray, The Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Term s, 2nd ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2003) Procatalepsis is another relative of the hypophora. While the hypophora can ask any sort of question, the procatalepsis deals specifically with objections, and it usually does so without even asking the question, as in this example: Many other experts want to classify Sanskrit as an extinct language, but I do not. By directly addressing objections, procatalepsis lets the writer further his or her argument and satisfy readers at the same time. Strategically, procatalepsis shows your readers that you have anticipated their concern, and have already thought them through. It is, therefore, especially effective in argumentative essays.(Brendan McGuigan, Rhetorical Devices: A Handbook and Activities for Student Writers. Prestwick House, 2007) Pronunciation: pro-LEP-sis

Writing assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writing assignment - Essay Example based on this statement, is in itself a complete thought delivered through that which is purely musical by being comprised of an animating principle or â€Å"rhythm† within an entire system of tones were adjustments in melody, harmony, and rhythmic patterns diversely vary throughout a composer’s material. Essentially, this implies that absolute music serves more than the purpose of having special circumstances drawn to recollection or of obtaining brief yet poignant residence in feelings for music, as perceived in the wholeness of power and beauty that fills it, satisfies such perception completely in full measure. â€Å"Der Ring des Nibelungen† by Richard Wagner is one such wonderful instance that attests to the objective of an idea or concept completely expressed via music in absolute form. As the cycle of Wagner’s four epic dramas is designed according to Norse sagas, the creation may then be proposed to have attained to the level of â€Å"auditory imagination† that is separate from the mere sense of pleased hearing. On this ground, one may argue as well that there exists a ‘musical language’ that not only speaks to feelings but even bears the capacity to communicate a story despite the absence of words or related elements of direct speech. To further support this argument, Hanslick exemplifies by considering parallels between pure music and â€Å"arabesque† – a branch of ornamentation in the visual arts by which he persuades to understanding how music, like the art that reflects after the â€Å"sounding shapes† or the â€Å"self-const ructing tones†, can naturally occur in continuous self-formation and thus generate into a language of its